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Central pontine myelinolysis

Contents of this page:

Illustrations

Central nervous system
Central nervous system

Alternative Names    Return to top

CPM

Definition    Return to top

Central pontine myelinolysis is brain cell dysfunction caused by the destruction of the layer (myelin sheath) covering nerve cells in the brainstem (pons).

Causes    Return to top

The destruction of the myelin sheath that covers nerve cells prevents signals from being properly transmitted in the nerve. This decreases the nerve's ability to communicate with other cells.

The most common cause of central pontine myelinolysis is a quick change in the body's sodium levels. This most often occurs when someone is being treated for low levels of sodium (hyponatremia) and the levels rise too fast. It also can occasionally occur when high levels of sodium in the body (hypernatremia) are corrected too quickly.

This condition does not occur on its own. It is a complication of treatment for other conditions or from the other conditions themselves.

Risks include:

Symptoms    Return to top

Other possible symptoms include:

Exams and Tests    Return to top

An examination may show:

A head MRI scan would reveal an abnormality in the brainstem (pons). This is the main diagnostic test.

Other tests may include:

Treatment    Return to top

This is an emergency disorder. You will need to go to a hospital for diagnosis and treatment.

There is no known cure for central pontine myelinolysis. Treatment is focused on relieving symptoms.

Double vision may be reduced with the use of an eye patch.

Physical therapy may help maintain muscle strength, mobility and function in weakened arms and legs.

Outlook (Prognosis)    Return to top

The nerve damage caused by central pontine myelinolysis is usually long-lasting. The disorder can cause serious long-term (chronic) disability.

Possible Complications    Return to top

When to Contact a Medical Professional    Return to top

There is no real guideline on when to seek medical attention, because this condition is rare in the general community.

Prevention    Return to top

Gradual, controlled treatment of low or high sodium levels may reduce the risk of nerve damage in the pons. Being aware of how some medications can change sodium levels can prevent these levels from changing too quickly.

Update Date: 9/25/2008

Updated by: Daniel B. Hoch, PhD, MD, Assistant Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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